CIT-421 Computer Graphics and Image Processing

Professor Md Abdul Masud

References

Question Format

  • Question Set 01: (Section 1 and Section 2)
  • Question Set 02: (Section 3 and Section 4)
  • Question Set 03: (Section 5 and Section 6)
    • Chapter 10 : Image Segmentation (Book-3)
    • Chapter 12 : Image Pattern Classification (Book-3)

Reference: File in Google Classroom

Chapter 1 : Representation (Book-2)

1.1 What is an Image?

  • Image Representation
  • Resolution
    • Spatial
    • Temporal
    • Bit
      • Binary \(\to\) 2 bits
      • Grayscale \(\to\) 8 bits
      • Color \(\to\) 24 bits
1.2.1 Bit Plane Slicing

fig 1.3

1.2 Image Formats

1.3.1 Image Data Types

1.4 Color Space

RGB \(\to\) Grayscale conversion

Hue-Saturation Value graph

1.5 Lab \(\to\) Lab Work (MATLAB/Python)

1.5.1

Example 1.1

1.5.2

Example 1.2

1.5.3

Accessing pixel values

Example 1.5

Chapter 1 : Introduction (Book-1)

Slide: Lecture 01 - Introduction Image Processing

  • What is an image / digital image?
  • How is a digital image formed?

Example 1.1

Fig 1.3

  • How many bits do we need to store an image?

\(2^m\) \(\to\) grayscale

\(2^m = 256, m = 8\)

\(N \times N\) Resolution

\(b = N \times N \times m\)

  • What determines the quality of an image?
  • What makes an images blurred?
  • What is meant by image resolution?
  • What does contrast mean?
  • What does good contrast mean?
  • What is the purpose of image processing?
  • How do we do image processing?
  • What is a linear operator?
  • How does a linear operator treat an image?
  • What is the meaning of point spread function?

Chapter 3 : Histogram (Book-4)

  • To depict image statistics

3.1 What is a Histogram?

Histogram effects (topics in general)

Figure 3.3

3.2

3.2.1
  • Exposure
  • Contrast
  • Dynamic Range
3.2.2 Image Effects
  • Saturation
  • Spikes and Gaps
  • Impacts of Image compression
  • Color Quantization

3.3 Computing Histogram

code implemetation

3.4

(self study)

3.5

(self study)

Chapter 3 : Pixels (Book-2)

Slide: Lecture 02 - Pixel and Image Transformation

Pixel transform, distribution of Pixels

3.1 What is Pixel?

Pixel is an abbreviation of "picture element" indexed an (x,y) column(c)-row(r)

  • Spatial resolution
  • Quantization level
Types of image - (study in details)
  1. Color/Gray image
  2. Infrared image (IR) \(\to\) IR light reflection/ IR radiation
  3. Medical Imaging - CT imaging, MRI imaging
  4. Radar/Solar imaging
  5. 3D imaging
  6. Scientific imaging

3.2 Operation upon pixels

  • Point transform
  • Arithmetic operation
  • Logical operation
One-one function mapping

\(I_A\), \(I_B\), \(C\)

\(I_output = I_A + I_B = I_A (i,j) + I_B (i,j) = I_A + C = I_A (i,j) + C\)

\((i,j) = \{0, 1, 2,..., C-1\} \{0, 1, 2,..., R-1\}\)

Arithmetic Operation:

  • Contrast adjustment
  • Blending (self study and codeing)
  • Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Assignement

Code implementation of arithmetic operations:

  • Contrast adjustment
  • Blending
  • Subtraction
  • Multiplication
  • Division
3.2.2 Logical operation

NOT, XOR, OR, AND, Bitwise operation

NOT: Inversion BU \(\to\)FG

\(I_{output} (i,j) = MAX - I_{input} (i,j)\)

Image data type (previous class)

3.2.3 Thresholding (Slide)

fig 3.4 fig 3.5 (self study)

3.3 Point-based (slide)

  • Functional transformation
  • Dynamic range \(\star \star \star\)
3.3.1 Logarithmic transform (slide)
Exponential transformation (slide)

3.4 Pixel Distributions: Histograms

Textbook-I, Page: 367

3.4.1 Histogram for Threshold Selection (Book + Slide)

fig 3.13

3.4.2 Adaptive Thresholding (slide)
3.4.3 Contrast Stretching (slide)
3.4.4 Hologram Equalization (slide)

Assignment

  • to code all from the book

Chapter 4 : Image Enhancement (Book-1)

Slide: Lecture 03 - Image Enhancement

What is image enhancement?

  • noise
  • gaussian noise
  • impulse noise

Chapter 4 : Enhancement (Book-2)

4.2 Pixel neighbourhoods

4.3 Filter kernels and the mechanics of linear filtering

PPT/Slide : Linear Filtering

Example 4.2 \(\star \star \star\)

PPT/Slide : Non-linear Filtering

4.4 Filtering for noise removal

Figure 4.3

4.4.1 Mean filtering

Figure 4.4

4.4.2 Median filtering

Figure 4.5

4.4.3 Rank filtering
4.4.4 Gaussian filtering

4.5 Filtering for edge detection (Book-2 + PPT)

4.5.1 Derivative filters for discontinuities (Book-2)

Table 4.1

4.5.2 First-order edge detection (Book-2)

Figure 4.9

4.5.2.1 Linearly separable filtering
4.5.3 Second-order edge detection

Chapter 8 : Image Compression and Watermarking (Book-3)

Fundamentals

Equation 8.2

Three principal types of Data redundancy-

  • Coding redundancy
  • Spatial and temporal redundancy
  • Irrelevant information
Coding Redundancy

Exercise 8.1

Spatial and Temporal Redundancy

Histogram (Fig 8.2)

Irrelevant Information

Fig 8.3

Measuring Image Information

Equation 8.5, 8.6, 8.7

Exercise 8.2

Shanon's First Theorum

Equation 8.9, 8.10, 8.11

Example 8.3

Image Compression Models (i)

Figure 8.5

Image Formats, Containers, and Compression Standards

8.2 Huffman Coding

Slide: Huffman Coding

Example

YouTube ()

Chapter 10 : Image Segmentation (Book-3)

Segmentation Algorithm - two basic properties of image intensity

  • Discontinuity
  • Similarity

10.1 Fundamentals

Figure 10.1

10.2 Point, Line, and Edge Detection

Equation: 10.1-10.8

Table 10.1

Figure 10.2, 10.3

Equation: 10.12-10.15

Line Detection

Figure 10.5

Edge Models

Figure 10.8-10.10

Example: 10.4

Figure 10.11

Basic Edge Detection

Equation: 10.16-10.18

Gradient Operators

Equation: 10.19-10.20

Figure 10.13-10.16

More Advanced Techniques for Edge Detection
  • The Marr-Hildreth Edge Detector
  • The Canny Edge Detector

Chapter 12 : Image Pattern Classification (Book-3)

12.4 Pattern and Pattern Classes

Pattern Vectors

12.3 Pattern Classification by Prototype Matching

Minimum-Distance Classifier

Irish Dataset Visualizing \(\to\) Fig: 12.5

12.6 Deep Convolutional Neural Network

A Basic CNN Architecture

Figure: 12.42, 12.43

Neural Computations in a CNN

Figure: 12.45, 12.47, 12.49, 12.50, 12.51, 12.52

Md Mahbubur Rahman

Reference Books

  1. Zhigang Xiang, Roy A. Plastock - Schaum’s Outline of Computer Graphics (2nd Edition)
  2. Gonzales, Woods - Digital Image Processing (4th Edition)

Resource: Tpoint Tech

Mark Distribution

3 Sets

Slide: 19-33 Visual Computing (for idea only, irrelevant for exam)

Computer Graphics Tutorial

DPI \(\to\) Dot Per Inch

These topics are collected from others. I'm not totally sure of them.